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We’ve often thought of the click functioning primarily as a conditioned reinforcer. (And when we say conditioned reinforcer what we mean is … a once neutral stimuli that has taken on the value of a primary reinforcer through repetitive pairings*).

Yet, that is not the only function the click can have! The click can also function as a discriminative stimulus/cue for your learner – as it communicates that subsequent reinforcement is now available, contingent on doing specific behaviours to access it. (And when I say discriminative stimuli/cue what I mean is … an antecedent that has been consistently paired with a behavior-consequence relationship. Discriminative stimuli sets the occasion for behaviors that have been reinforced in their presence in the past*).

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BONUS LEARNING – In one of our Animal Training Academy Podcast episodes with the amazing Dr. Jesús Rosales-Ruiz (@ roughly 34:35) he mentions that behaviors in between the click and food delivery also get reinforced in the process. Listen here >>> http://bit.ly/ATA_Jesús_Rosales-Ruiz

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For example let’s say you offer a verbal cue ‘sit’ and do so with a significant proximity between you and your dog (for example 5 meters). Some potential ABC’s could look like this;

A1 – Verbal ‘sit’ (5 meters proximity)
B1 – The dog sits
C1 – You click

Then …

A2 – Click (as a discriminative stimulus)
B2 – Dog comes to you
C2 – You deliver the food

Alternatively, another possibility (depending on what had been taught)

A2 – Click (as a discriminative stimulus)
B2 – Dog stays in the ‘sit’ position
C2 – You come to the dog and deliver the food

In both cases, B2 is hypothetically reinforced by the delivery of the food. I.e. it’s not that just the sitting immediately after the verbal ‘sit’ that can get reinforced it’s also the behaviours that follow it.

Therefore we consider there’s value in taking your time to plan your reinforcement strategy carefully including behaviours (from your learning partner/s) that follow the click. For example – if you want your dog to stay sitting, teach him/her this behaviour and build duration gradually. It can be beneficial to consider teaching the reinforcement acquiring behaviors, for a given training context first and as its own skill.

Another thing to mention here is that the click also serves a function of a discriminative stimulus for you as a learner/trainer. Your dog (or other animal/s you work with) does the behavior you want and that cues you to click. Then the click cues you to reach out for the subsequent reinforcement and deliver it to your learner.

So two key functions of your clicker can include: firstly – a discriminative stimulus for your learning partner to do the subsequent reinforcing acquiring behaviours and also secondly as a discriminative stimulus for you to do the subsequent reinforcement delivery behaviours.  

What about you? How do you use the clicker in your training? We would love to hear from you and you can leave a comment directly below to let us know.

Best Regards
Anna Bartosik (Blog Writer 1 & ATA Happiness Engineer) &
Ryan Cartlidge (Blog Writer 2 & ATA Founder/Connector/Founder)

PS. This blog was inspired by Ripple Makers extraordinaires in the ATA members only community. To join in on similar discussions and get inspired by other amazing ATA members access your exclusive 30 day ATA membership trial here >>> https://animaltrainingacademy.com/trial-21/

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* One thing we have learned over the years is the importance of sharing definitions! We appreciate that sometimes you might say something and have a definition in your mind of what you are talking about, but this can be very different from the definition the person you are talking to might have in their mind.

If any of our definitions are different from how you might define things, that’s totally okay. We are presenting everything here with the appreciation that we are always learning, & we acknowledge we are definitely not always right. The point of sharing these definitions is so that you know what we are referring to if you read these words in this particular blog.

And/or if you think we can build on what we offered here in the accuracy of our definitions and blog please don’t hesitate to let us know! We welcome and value your feedback.

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I had said to a friend “as long as they don’t hate each other and there’s not incessant barking, I think it will be fine.” By day two, I was convinced Mija hated Cross and in part, because of his incessant barking!

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1) Be mindful…

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I’ve lived with multiple dogs most of my life, but rarely have I been thoughtful with introductions.  I usually let new dogs meet on “neutral territory” as I always heard that was a good idea, but after meeting on neutral ground, the next step for me was  “we all live together now” and then I would follow the general advice of “dogs will be dogs” and “let them work it out”.  I was mostly lucky with this laissez faire approach, although I did run into challenges with one pair of dogs that I think could have been avoided or at least lessened with more appropriate introductions.

Recently, I decided to foster an eight-month-old lab mix, Cross, and then shortly after he was adopted to an amazing family, I adopted a little puppy, Castor.  I’ve been deliberate about the introductions of these new animals to the household and I’ve learned a lot through that process.  Ryan Cartlidge of Animal Training Academy would say (and did say I think!) that these decisions were like “jumping into the deep end of the pool – and then splashing around until you learn how to swim”.  Based on my experience, here are a few of the things that have allowed me to jump into the deep end of that metaphorical pool and that have helped to keep me afloat so far.

Learn more about this topic and Shelly Wood in this previous ATA podcast episode HERE 

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2) You don’t have to be ‘The smartest person in the room” (learn from others)

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Before jumping into that deep end of the pool, I made sure I had taken some swimming lessons.  Lessons included learning from years of living with multiple animals, observation of multiple animals who I have had a chance to work with, education about animal behavior (I’m a bit addicted to learning about animal behavior!), and making use of available resources about animal introductions.  In thinking through what bringing another animal into the house might look like, I relied heavily on a wonderful article written by Ken Ramirez that I have read several times over the last couple of years  “Marlin Meets Tulip – A Systematic Introduction” (see article HERE).

Although I do not have the luxury of living anywhere as spacious as The Ranch, the principles discussed in this article were a help in planning to bring each of these new animals into my home.

One of the important pieces of planning before bringing a new dog into the house was thinking through what antecedent arrangements would best keep everyone safe, as comfortable as possible and generally set us up for success (see picture above).

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3) Consider your Feng Shui (Antecedent arrangement)

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Due to a remodel project, I have an empty room on the first floor of my house.  In that room, I set up a dog crate, and put enrichment items in the crate, as well as throughout the room.  Some of the enrichment items I had on hand were snuffle mats, Kongs, West Paw toys, natural treats and chews, synthetic chews, puzzle feeders, stuffed frozen Kongs, and a variety of toys. Some of these things went in the crate and room, and some went in a stash to be swapped out later.  I also have a Pet Tutor and that ended up being a life saver. That room has a door on it that could be shut if need be, but I also put a gate in front of the door, so I could shut it entirely, or leave it open for visibility between the animals. Outside of that room is a hallway where I put another gate, so the new animal’s territory could easily be expanded to a room and a hallway.  On the other side of the hallway is a dining area where I often positioned myself in the early stages of introductions and on another side of the dining area is the living room and the stairs to the second floor of the house.  I put a large gate there so that Mija, my existing dog, had access to the couch, her crate, all of her toys, and the upstairs for total escape should she want it.

Now that I have a puppy in the house, I have also added two exercise pens to this set up – one in the dining room, and one in the living room which has helped not only with systematic introductions, but also with potty training, preventing jumping, preventing chewing, preventing tons of hopped up play in the house, etc.  Oh!  And I live with an amazing kitty, Wednesday, as well, and I made sure she had access to her private get away in the basement as well as access to everywhere in the house except the new dog’s living quarters. Thinking through what types of gates, crates and pens to have, and where to put them has been critical in safety, management and systematically introducing these animals.

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Want access to the whole kit & caboodle of Animal Training Academy resources… CLICK HERE to see what’s on offer via your very own Animal Training Academy membership.

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4) Slow & systematic (Parallel walking)

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Another important planning piece before ever bringing either dog into the home was thinking through how the dogs should first meet.  In both instances, I decided to have the dogs meet outside of the home, with the new dog being handled by someone my dog knows and loves.  With Cross, we had the luxury of meeting a few times off the property and doing some parallel walking with this friend.

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What that looked like was, my friend would be somewhere with Cross, I would show up with my dog Mija, we would be quite a distance from each other, and we would start making our way toward each other.  As we made our way toward each other, we would do a lot of weaving and horizontal walking, talking as we got nearer each other.  I did a lot of marking and reinforcing eye contact from Mija, and my friend marked and reinforced any focus toward her at all from Cross.  Once we got within about twenty or so feet of each other, we would start walking parallel with each other, so we were all just on a walk together, but with a good bit of distance between us.  We used the dogs’ body language as a guide to decrease (or increase) distance.  After a couple of walks like that, we walked in the house together with Mija walking in first and Cross and my friend walking in second.  I put Mija behind the gated area she would be hanging out in, and Cross in “his room”.  While Cross was here, I was very lucky in that I had several friends who were a huge help and who continued to come over so we could go on walks like that.  Over time, we let the dogs interact a bit on these walks and then play in the yard together on multiple occasions.  Things were a little different with Castor because he was not quite nine weeks when he came here, but the principles – slow and systematic still applied.

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5) Leverage remote feeders

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Even if one has taken some (metaphorical) swimming lessons, it is still a good idea to make sure there are going to be some lifeguards on duty or at least some floatation devices in the pool before jumping into the deep end.  Thank goodness for the Animal Training Academy membership because it is full of both!  Before bringing Cross home, I asked for advice in the ATA members only Facebook group, and after bringing him home (and since adopting Castor), I posted regular updates and sought specific feedback to help with the introductions, and I received so much wonderful support!  I won’t lie, it was initially stressful having Cross in the house. I had said to a friend “as long as they don’t hate each other and there’s not incessant barking, I think it will be fine.” By day two, I was convinced Mija hated Cross and in part, because of his incessant barking! I took Mija on a car ride on that second day just to get us some peace and quiet and think, and that is when I remembered I had filled the Pet Tutor up and then forgotten all about it. When I got home, I set Cross up with the Pet Tutor and it was like magic!  He instantly started offering some quiet, calm behavior.

Learn more about the Pet Tutor here in this pastATA podcast episode with it’s creator Wes Anderson

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6) The power of the pattern

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I went into the ATA community and shared some of my challenges and  Leslie McDevitt jumped in the conversation and gave me lots of great suggestions of how to use her 1-2-3 and voluntary sharing pattern games (both games can be found in her book Control Unleashed: From Reactive to Relaxed . Others shared their experiences and suggestions to help me modify things I was doing.  The support of the ATA community as well as the resources that exist within the ATA community have been super helpful in all these recent dog introductions. Sweet baby Castor has now been in the home with us for two months and after putting a bit of thought into arranging the environment and using some training to set all up for success, he and Mija have become fast friends, and I am hoping that continues, but if for whatever reason it does not, I have a wonderful foundation to fall back on and build from again.

Learn more about pattern games in this past ATA podcast episode with Leslie McDevitt HERE

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I’m so glad I have recently chosen to jump into the deep end of the pool.  In doing so, I have learned a ton about myself, the animals I live with, how to be a better trainer, and more. Too often, I look at the people doing gorgeous high dives into the deep end and I think, “well, I can’t do that!” and so I sit on the side with my feet dangling in the water where it’s comfortable.  It is important to realize, most of those people weren’t born amazing divers and swimmers, but they took lessons, made sure safety measures were in place, and jumped in and probably splashed around a bit on their way to becoming beautiful divers and swimmers.  Once I have taken the lessons and made sure I am surrounded with some safety measures, it’s time to jump in!

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Like what you see here? And want more amazing resources from Animal Training Academy. CLICK HERE to see what’s on offer for you within the ATA Membership.

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Shelly Wood Bio

Shelly lives in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, USA where she shares her life with her dog Mija, a cat Wednesday, and a new puppy Castor.  Shelly has a Bachelor of Science degree in Social Work and a Bachelor of Arts degree in Spanish and has worked in the non-profit sector with Early Prevention Impacts Community (EPIC) for ten years, working as both a project coordinator, and project facilitator during that time.  In 2013, Shelly worked with the EPIC Project Director to develop EPIC Pals, an animal centred social and emotional learning program.  Shelly graduated from the Karen Pryor Academy Dog Trainer Professional program in 2016 and is a Karen Pryor Academy Certified Training Partner.  In 2017, Shelly started Drop Your Jaws Dog Training where she works with people and the dogs they live with teaching basic manners group classes and doing private consulting.

CLICK HERE for Shelly Wood’s ‘Drop your jaws dog training’ website

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I first knew I was afraid of birds in 2008 when I was feeding ducks at the park with my 3 year old sister. More & more ducks kept showing up & were flying around us and I started to panic! I haven’t been around bird since, this is until recently!

& Yep – the fear is still there

In 2018 I started to work at a facility that has an outside aviary for birds. One day in 2019 there where a lots of beautiful birds hanging out in the aviary. I called my boyfriend (who loves birds) and asked him to come and go in to the aviary with me. He held my hand and didn’t leave my side. I was a bit scared the whole time but did not panic.

One bird was checking me out and the owner helped him to go from his arm to my arm. He sat there for 3 minutes and then I had to go out of the aviary. I was proud but overwhelmed.

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Habituation in a large outdoor space

In the end of 2019 a crow started to hang out outside the dog daycare I was working on at that time. We started to fed him and his mate. He became very tame and this crow helped me start to get used to birds flying around me.

One day he started to take food from our hands. I had to try! Really scary but cool! I think the large outdoor space and being able to go away from the situation made me brave.

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Want access to the whole kit & caboodle of Animal Training Academy resources… CLICK HERE to see what’s on offer via your very own Animal Training Academy membership.

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Protective contact

In June 2020 I started to work in a ‘animal hotel/dog daycare, at the same facility that has the aviary that I mentioned above. The aviaries that the birds live in are designed to enable us to feed the birds from the outside, without going in with them.

This allowed me to get more and more comfortable around birds and hang out with them with a barrier between us. The more brave I became the more I started to hand feed them through the grid.

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Slowly eliminate the protective contact

At this stage I dared to take the next approximation & open the cage to hand feed the birds without the physical barrier (of course only wanted & were also not scared).

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Not according to plan!

In August 2020 we were caring for a new bird! The individual came from a bad place but luckily now he has a great new home! He is very use to humans now and cuddles so I got to hang out with him and pet him through the aviary grid/barrier.

The day that the owner picked him up, he was sitting on her shoulder. We were talking about him and suddenly he jumps from the owners shoulder, landed on my shorts by my knees (I’m a small person) and started to climb up to my shoulder.

I froze, held my breath. I really didn’t want to panic because I was worried it might injure or scare him. When he reached my shoulder he stoped. Just sat there. I started breathing again. I was totally Okey with him sitting on my shoulder for a minute.

This could turn out to be a setback in my training. But once again I had control. I could ask the owner to take him off me but in the end I’m glad I didn’t – because I was able to relax with him.

Set goals, stay on one step until you are 110% brave enough to take the next step.

A goal I set a few weeks later was a bird walking from a stick to my arm, and hanging out with me. It went really well and I therefore decided to stay on this approximation for a while!

The end goal being to get a bird flying to my arm from a distance. And also to learn more about birds language and signals. Something that will help me to get over my fear. If I can communicate better with birds, both of us are going to feel more safe and brave!

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Three other considerations in my journey…

• Have fun
• Surround your self with friends (for me the ATA membership community) that support you.
• Track and celebrate your approximations

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Like what you see here? And want more amazing resources from Animal Training Academy. CLICK HERE to see what’s on offer for you within the ATA Membership.

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR: – ATA member Amanda Sjöland

Amanda Sjöland, lives in Sweden, is a dog masseur and dog trainer. Working in her company helping dogs to better physical health, guiding dogowners to get a happy life with their dogs and is an author to a Swedish book about fitness training with balance equipment.

She is also a coordinator/manager at a dog daycare and animal hotel. At the hotel she works with bunnies, cats, rodent and birds. Additionally she has two dogs of her own and lives with her boyfriend  – who also works as a dog instructor as well as with mental health.

CLICK HERE to visit Amanda’s website